Chronic disease and infant nutrition: is it significant to public health?
Julie P. Smith and Peta J. Harvey
Objective
To assess the public health significance of premature weaning of infants from breast milk on later-life risk of chronic illness.
Conclusions
Breast-feeding is of public health significance in preventing chronic disease.
There is a small but consistent effect of premature weaning from breast milk in increasing later-life chronic disease risk. Risk exposure in the Australian population is substantial. Approximately 90 % of current 35–45-year-olds were weaned from breast-feeding by 6 months of age. Encouraging greater duration and exclusivity of breast-feeding is a potential avenue for reducing future chronic disease burden and health system costs.
BRON: Chronic disease and infant nutrition: is it significant to public health? Julie P. Smith and Peta J. Harvey, Public Health Nutrition Cambridge University Press. Copyright © The Authors 2010 doi:10.1017/S1368980010001953
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Prolonged and Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces the Risk of Infectious Diseases in Infancy
Liesbeth Duijts, MD, PhDa, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, MD, PhDa, Albert Hofman, MD, PhD, Henriëtte A. Moll, MD, PhD
Objective
To examine the associations of duration of exclusive breastfeeding with infections in the upper respiratory (URTI), lower respiratory (LRTI), and gastrointestinal tracts (GI) in infancy.
Conclusions
Exclusive breastfeeding until the age of 4 months and partially thereafter was associated with
a significant reduction of respiratory and gastrointestinal morbidity in infants. Our findings support health-policy strategies to promote exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months, but preferably 6 months, in industrialized countries.
BRON: Liesbeth Duijts, MD, PhDa, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, MD, PhDa, Albert Hofman, MD, PhD, Henriëtte A. Moll, MD, PhD. Prolonged and Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces the Risk of Infectious Diseases in Infancy. Pediatrics Vol. 126 No. 1 July 2010, pp. e18-e25 (doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3256)
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Canadian study demonstrates link with exclusive breastfeeding and reduced pre-school obesity
L Twells, LA Newhook (2010)
Objectives
The prevalence of childhood obesity in Canada is a major concern. Studies report a small but significant inverse relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and childhood obesity. The study objectives were to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a preschool population living in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) and to examine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and preschool obesity.
Conclusion
Obesity is prevalent in preschool children in NL.
Exclusive breastfeeding appeared to be a protective factor for obesity in preschoolers. Given the known benefits of breastfeeding and the adverse health consequences of obesity, efforts should be made to increase exclusive breastfeeding which may help to prevent the development of obesity in young children.
BRON: L Twells, LA Newhook (2010) Can exclusive breastfeeding reduce the likelihood of childhood obesity in some regions of Canada? Can J Public Health;101(1): 36.
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Breastfeeding reduces the risk of fever after immunisation
Pisacane A, Continisio P, Palma O (2010)
Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of breastfeeding on the risk for fever after routine immunizations.
Conclusions
In this study, breastfeeding was associated with
a decreased incidence of fever after immunizations.
BRON: Pisacane A, Continisio P, Palma O (2010) Breastfeeding and fever after Immunization. Pediatrics:10.1542/peds.2009-1911
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(voordeel voor de moeder!)
Breastfeeding reduces risk of maternal type 2 diabetes
Liu B, Jorm L, Banks E (2010)
Objective
To examine the effect of childbearing and maternal breastfeeding on a woman's subsequent risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Conclusions
Compared with nulliparous women, childbearing women who do not breastfeed have about a 50% increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life.
Breastfeeding substantially reduces this excess risk.
BRON: Liu B, Jorm L, Banks E (2010) Parity, Breastfeeding and the Subsequent Risk of maternal Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care.
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Exclusive breastfeeding for four months or longer is a protective factor against adolescent obesity
Chivers P, Hands B, Parker H et al (2010)
Objective
This study examined the influence of type and duration of infant feeding on adiposity rebound and the tracking of body mass index (BMI) from birth to 14 years of age.
Conclusions
Early infant feeding was important in the timing of, and BMI at, adiposity rebound.
The relationship between infant feeding and BMI remained up to the age of 14 years. Although confounding factors cannot be excluded, these findings support the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for longer than 4 months as a protective behaviour against the development of adolescent obesity.
BRON: Chivers P, Hands B, Parker H et al (2010) Body mass index, adiposity rebound and early feeding in a longitudinal cohort (Raine Study). International Journal of Obesity advance online publication, 30 March 2010; doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.61.
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Feeding from a bottle in early infancy impacts on infants’ ability to self-regulate intake
Li R, Fein SB, and Grummer-Strawn LM (2010)
Objective
How breastfeeding reduces the risk of childhood obesity is unclear, and 1 hypothesis pertains to the ability of breastfed infants to self-regulate. We studied whether infants' self-regulation of milk intake is affected by feeding mode (bottle versus breast) and the type of milk in the bottle (formula versus expressed breast milk).
Conclusions
Infants who are bottle-fed in early infancy are more likely to empty the bottle or cup in late infancy than those who are fed directly at the breast. Bottle-feeding, regardless of the type of milk, is distinct from feeding at the breast in its effect on infants' self-regulation of milk intake.
BRON: Li R, Fein SB, and Grummer-Strawn LM (2010) Do Infants Fed From Bottles Lack Self-regulation of Milk Intake Compared With Directly Breastfed Infants? Pediatrics 10 May 2010.
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Duration of Lactation and Incidence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Women of Reproductive Age According to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Status: A 20-Year Prospective Study in CARDIA--The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.
Gunderson EP, Jacobs DR Jr, Chiang V, Lewis CE, Feng J, Quesenberry CP Jr, Sidney S.
1. Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Epidemiology and Prevention Section, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612.
December 17, 2009 — Breast-feeding may protect the nursing mother from the metabolic syndrome, according to the results of a prospective, observational cohort study reported in the December 3 Online First issue of Diabetes.
Conclusion
"
Longer duration of lactation was associated with lower incidence of the metabolic syndrome years post-weaning among women with a history of GDM [gestational diabetes mellitus] and without GDM controlling for preconception measurements, BMI [body mass index], socio-demographic and lifestyle traits," the study authors conclude. "Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which lactation may influence women's cardiometabolic risk profiles, and whether lifestyle modifications, including lactation duration, may affect development of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes, particularly among high-risk groups such as women with a history of GDM."
The National Institutes of Health (the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases) and the American Diabetes Association supported this study. The study authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
BRON: PMID: 19959762 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/714 ... ac=83653PJ" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
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The relationship of bottle feeding and other sucking behaviors with speech disorder in Patagonian preschoolers
Conclusions
These results suggest that sucking habits such as pacifier use, finger sucking and bottle feeding are associated with speech disorders in preschool children. The age at which the child started bottle feeding was separated into three categories, less than three months, three to nine months, and more than nine months. Starting bottle feeding after 9 months was found to be better for the suppression of phonological processes, since it is protective against obtaining an abnormal classification on the Test for classifying these processes. Finger sucking, on the other hand, proved to be harmful to the development of these processes. This is reflected on the finding that children who suck their fingers were about three times more likely to obtain an abnormal classification on the TEPROSIF evaluation of simplified phonological processes. Pacifier use was also shown to negatively impact the development of speech alterations if used for more than three years while less was not found to be harmful. Although results of this study provide further evidence for the benefits of longer duration of breastfeeding of infants, they should be interpreted with caution as these data are observational. Further investigation of larger studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.
The relationship of bottle feeding and other sucking behaviors with speech disorder in Patagonian preschoolers, BMC Pediatrics 2009, 9:66, do:10.1186/1471-2431-9-66; 21 October 2009
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Does breastfeeding improve vascular function in later childhood?
A study was carried out in Scotland to assess whether breastfeeding in infancy was related to vascular function in later childhood. As part of a large prospective study involving a cohort of children aged from birth to 2 years of age, information on infant feeding practices, socio-demographic and clinical data were collected. In a number of these children (159)
vascular function was tested at age 11-14 and
was found to be significantly better amongst children who had been breastfed than in those who had received infant milk formula (p = 0.001), after adjustment for potential confounding factors. This benefit was significantly related to the duration of breastfeeding ( p = 0.006). The authors suggest that this demonstrates that risk of later cardiovascular disease may be reduced by exclusively breastfeeding during infancy. They argue that these findings have potential public health implications, and support policies aimed at promoting breastfeeding.
Khan F, Green FC, Forsyth JS et al (2009) The beneficial effects of breastfeeding on microvascular function in 11- to 14-year-old children. Vascular Medicine; 14: 137-142
From: The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative UK - Unicef
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Does breastfeeding reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?
The German Study of Sudden Infant Death is a case-control study of 333 infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome. The study looked to examine the association between type of infant feeding and sudden infant death syndrome of these 333 infants with 998 age-matched controls.
A total of 49.6% of cases and 82.9% of controls were breastfed at two weeks of age. Exclusive breastfeeding at one month of age halved the risk, partial breastfeeding at the age of one month also reduced the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, but after adjustment this risk was not significant. Being exclusively breastfed in the last month of life/before the interview reduced the risk, as did being partially breastfed. Breastfeeding survival curves showed that both partial breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding were associated with a reduced risk of SIDS.
The authors say this study shows that
breastfeeding reduced the risk of sudden infant death syndrome by around 50% at all ages throughout infancy and for as long as the infant is breastfed. They highlight that the implication of their findings is that breastfeeding should be continued until the infant is six months of age as the risks of SIDS are low by that stage. They therefore recommend including the advice to breastfeed through six months of age in sudden infant death syndrome risk-reduction messages.
BRON: M M Vennemann, T Bajanowski, B Brinkmann, G Jorch, K Yücesan, C Sauerland, E A Mitchell and the GeSID Study Group (2009) Does Breastfeeding Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? Pediatrics Vol. 123 No. 3 March 2009, pp. e406-e410
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Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children’s cognitive development
The evidence that breastfeeding improves cognitive development is based generally on observational studies and therefore may be affected by differences in the breastfeeding mother's behavior or her interaction with the infant. The PROBIT study followed up children from the original cohort at 6.5 years of age to assess whether prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children's cognitive ability. A total of 17,046 healthy breastfeeding infants were enrolled, of whom 13,889 (81.5%) were followed up at age 6.5 years. The researchers measured IQ scores on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence and teacher evaluations of academic performance in reading, writing, mathematics, and other subjects. The experimental intervention led to a large increase in exclusive breastfeeding at age three months and a significantly higher prevalence of any breastfeeding at all ages up to and including 12 months. The experimental group had higher mean scores on all of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence measures for IQ. Teachers' academic ratings were significantly higher in the experimental group for both reading and writing. The researchers conclude that their results demonstrate that
prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children's cognitive development.
BRON: Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E. (2008) Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: New evidence from a large randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008: 65; 578-584.
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